Disease burden and case management of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years of age in Saudi Arabia

This study was designed to explore the case management and disease burden of bacterial meningitis among children below the age of 5 years in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A prospective descriptive study was conducted during June 1999 through to May 2001 in 8 hospitals from 5 cities in different areas of the country. Those were, King Fahad Specialist Hospital and Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Belgorashi General Hospital and King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Al-Baha, Maternity and Children Hospital and Ohud Hospital, Al-Madina, Al-Qatif General Hospital in the Eastern Region and Prince Abdulrahman Bin Ahmed Alsudairy Central Hospital, Sakaka. The study population was 171,818 children under the age of 5 years. During the study period 208 cases of bacterial meningitis were identified, 141 [67.8%] with a definite causative organism: Hemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacterial species. The remaining 67 cases [32%] were labeled as aseptic meningitis. A considerable proportion of cases was found to have received an antibiotic prior to presentation. While symptoms such as fever or poor feeding were common among cases, meningeal signs were less prominent. A lumbar puncture was carried out on all cases to reach diagnosis by gram stain, latex agglutination test and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] and blood cultures following standard procedures. The immediate burden of meningitis cases was found to be the lengthy stay of patients in the hospital wards and intensive care units. Some of the main causative agents were resistant to the conventional antimicrobial therapy, but susceptible to newer antibiotics. The study being based on a population based surveillance gave a better overview on causative organisms of meningitis emphasizing that Gram stain, serology of CSF and culture [of CSF and blood] should be used. A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose meningitis in children. Lumbar tap should be encouraged and supported in terms of training and more authorization to apply in diagnostic tests of such conditions. Audiometric measurement is a crucial need in the assessment of meningitis cases and in the process of their follow up. This type of service is clearly missing in our system. Influential steps are to be planned to avail this service

Changes in epidemiological pattern of meningococcal disease in Saudi Arabia. Does it constitute a new challenge for prevention and control?

Meningococcal meningitis epidemics, which occurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA] coincided with Hajj and Umra seasons; the 2 major pilgrims to Muslims. In many countries, the disease showed major changes of its epidemiological determinants, in particular to age and prevailing serogroup. This study was conducted to determine the epidemiological trend of meningococcal meningitis disease in KSA. All confirmed meningococcal meningitis cases reported in KSA during the period from January 1999 to December 2002 were studied retrospectively. Confirmation of cases was based on isolation of the causative organism from cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] or blood culture or detection of antigen in the CSF. Personal, clinical and laboratory results were analyzed using Epi info version 6 software. Categorical data were tested using X2 test. A total of 729 cases were reported, 304 cases [42%] were among people coming from abroad for Hajj or Umra and 425 [58%] were among local population. Nearly half of the later [48%] were reported at the 2 holy areas of Makkah and Madinah, KSA. Thirty-nine% of cases were children aged <2 years and 58% were <5 years of age. Proportion of cases affected with serogroup W135 increased over time [up to 95%] and significantly affected children aged <5 years [p<0.001]. Continuous monitoring of epidemiological determinants is essential to guide vaccination policy

Disease burden and case management of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years of age in Saudi Arabia

This study was designed to explore the case management and disease burden of bacterial meningitis among children below the age of 5 years in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A prospective descriptive study was conducted during June 1999 through to May 2001 in 8 hospitals from 5 cities in different areas of the country. Those were, King Fahad Specialist Hospital and Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Belgorashi General Hospital and King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Al-Baha, Maternity and Children Hospital and Ohud Hospital, Al-Madina, Al-Qatif General Hospital in the Eastern Region and Prince Abdulrahman Bin Ahmed Alsudairy Central Hospital, Sakaka. The study population was 171,818 children under the age of 5 years. During the study period 208 cases of bacterial meningitis were identified, 141 [67.8%] with a definite causative organism: Hemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacterial species. The remaining 67 cases [32%] were labeled as aseptic meningitis. A considerable proportion of cases was found to have received an antibiotic prior to presentation. While symptoms such as fever or poor feeding were common among cases, meningeal signs were less prominent. A lumbar puncture was carried out on all cases to reach diagnosis by gram stain, latex agglutination test and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] and blood cultures following standard procedures. The immediate burden of meningitis cases was found to be the lengthy stay of patients in the hospital wards and intensive care units. Some of the main causative agents were resistant to the conventional antimicrobial therapy, but susceptible to newer antibiotics. The study being based on a population based surveillance gave a better overview on causative organisms of meningitis emphasizing that Gram stain, serology of CSF and culture [of CSF and blood] should be used. A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose meningitis in children. Lumbar tap should be encouraged and supported in terms of training and more authorization to apply in diagnostic tests of such conditions. Audiometric measurement is a crucial need in the assessment of meningitis cases and in the process of their follow up. This type of service is clearly missing in our system. Influential steps are to be planned to avail this service